Becoming a U.S. citizen through naturalization is a major milestone in an immigrant’s life. It provides many benefits, including the right to vote, obtain a U.S. passport, and sponsor relatives for immigration. Understanding the naturalization process helps eligible immigrants prepare and succeed.
Who Is Eligible for Naturalization?
To apply for U.S. citizenship, you must:
- Be at least 18 years old
- Be a lawful permanent resident (LPR) (green card holder) for at least 5 years, or 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen
- Have continuous residence and physical presence in the U.S.
- Be of good moral character
- Demonstrate the ability to read, write, and speak basic English
- Have knowledge of U.S. government and history (civics)
- Support the U.S. Constitution
Step-by-Step Process to Naturalization
- Complete Form N-400
The Application for Naturalization is filed online or by mail with USCIS. Include:
- A copy of your green card (front and back)
- Two passport-style photos (if applicable)
- Application fee (currently $640 + $85 biometrics fee)
- Attend Biometrics Appointment
USCIS will schedule a biometrics appointment to collect your fingerprints, photo, and signature. This helps verify your identity and conduct a background check.
- Interview and Civics Test
During the interview, a USCIS officer will:
- Review your N-400 application
- Test your English speaking, reading, and writing
- Administer the civics test, asking up to 10 questions from a list of 100
You must answer at least 6 correctly to pass.
- Receive a Decision
If approved, you’ll get a Notice of Naturalization Oath Ceremony. If your application is continued (delayed), you may need to provide additional documents or retake a test.
- Take the Oath of Allegiance
The process ends with the naturalization ceremony, where you take the Oath of Allegiance and officially become a U.S. citizen.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Failing to meet the physical presence requirement
- Applying too early before meeting residency criteria
- Not preparing for the civics or English test
- Omitting criminal history or prior immigration violations
Can I Apply If I Have a Criminal Record?
Some minor offenses may not disqualify you, but felonies, fraud, or immigration violations can cause denial. Always consult an immigration attorney if your background includes legal issues.
Benefits of U.S. Citizenship
- The right to vote in federal elections
- Eligibility for federal jobs and benefits
- No risk of deportation
- Ability to petition for more family members
- U.S. passport and consular protection abroad
Conclusion
The journey to U.S. citizenship through naturalization is structured but achievable. By understanding the requirements, preparing well, and avoiding mistakes, you can complete the process successfully and enjoy the rights and responsibilities of American citizenship.