Becoming a U.S. citizen is a major milestone for immigrants. The process, known as naturalization, grants the right to vote, obtain a U.S. passport, and access full protections under the law. While the journey requires time and careful preparation, understanding each step can make it smoother and less stressful.
Eligibility for Naturalization
To apply for U.S. citizenship through naturalization, you must generally meet the following requirements:
- Be at least 18 years old
- Be a lawful permanent resident (green card holder) for at least 5 years, or 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen
- Have continuous residence and physical presence in the U.S.
- Demonstrate good moral character
- Be able to read, write, and speak basic English
- Pass a test on U.S. history and government
- Take the Oath of Allegiance
Certain exceptions apply, such as for military service or older applicants with long-term residency.
Steps in the Naturalization Process
- Complete Form N-400: This is the application for naturalization. It includes questions about your background, travel history, and moral character.
- Submit supporting documents: These may include a copy of your green card, marriage certificates, or evidence of military service.
- Pay the fee: As of 2025, the filing fee is $640 plus an $85 biometric services fee (waivers available for those who qualify).
- Attend biometrics appointment: USCIS will collect your fingerprints, photo, and signature.
- Attend the interview: A USCIS officer will review your application, test your English skills, and administer the civics test.
- Receive a decision: You may be approved, continued (if more information is needed), or denied.
- Take the Oath of Allegiance: Upon approval, you’ll attend a naturalization ceremony where you officially become a U.S. citizen.
Civics and English Tests
The civics test covers U.S. history and government. You’ll be asked up to 10 questions from a list of 100; you must answer at least 6 correctly. English proficiency is tested via reading, writing, and speaking portions during your interview.
What Can Delay or Deny Naturalization?
- Failing to pay taxes
- Criminal history
- Long trips abroad that break continuous residence
- Providing false information
Benefits of Naturalization
- Right to vote in federal and state elections
- Eligibility for federal jobs
- U.S. passport and consular protection abroad
- Protection from deportation
- Ability to petition for relatives’ immigration
Conclusion
Naturalization is more than just a formality—it’s a commitment to the values and responsibilities of citizenship. Preparing thoroughly and seeking legal guidance if needed can help ensure your application is successful.